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International business and multinationals

Internationalization, MNEs, FDI, trade and institutions across countries.

Of its 61 readings, 8 are assigned in two or more sources and listed first, with the number of sources beside each (in bold for the core readings, in 4 or more); the 53 listed in only one source are folded under each heading.

In the theory tree: grows out of 21 Organizational economics.

Drawn from: Glennon (Wharton); Lu, Li, Park, Yang & Yan (CityU); Wan (CUHK); Yiu (CUHK); Peng (UT Dallas); Henisz (Wharton); Kogut & Keum (Columbia). Full details of the sources are on the reading lists page.

By decade

Before 1950: 0 readings<19501950s: 0 readings1950s1960s: 0 readings1960s1970s: 3 readings1970s1980s: 4 readings1980s1990s: 12 readings1990s2000s: 20 readings202000s2010s: 20 readings202010s2020s: 2 readings2020s
Most date from the 2000s; half were published in 2006 or later.
Readings by decade
DecadeReadings
Before 19500
1950s0
1960s0
1970s3
1980s4
1990s12
2000s20
2010s20
2020s2

Core readings

In 4 or more sources.

  1. Meyer, K. E., Estrin, S., Bhaumik, S. K., & Peng, M. W. (2009). Institutions, resources, and entry strategies in emerging economies. Strategic Management Journal, 30(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.7204

Also assigned

In 2 to 3 sources.

  1. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.243
  2. Dunning, J. H. (1980). Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests. Journal of International Business Studies, 11(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.84905932
  3. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo97805118086782
  4. Caves, R. (1996). Multinational enterprise and economic analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.2
  5. Shaver, J. M. (1998). Accounting for Endogeneity When Assessing Strategy Performance: Does Entry Mode Choice Affect FDI Survival? Management Science, 44(4), 571–585. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.44.4.5712
  6. Henisz, W. J., & Delios, A. (2001). Uncertainty, Imitation, and Plant Location: Japanese Multinational Corporations, 1990‐1996. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(3), 443–475. https://doi.org/10.2307/30948712
  7. Chang, S., Kogut, B., & Yang, J. (2016). Global diversification discount and its discontents: A bit of self‐selection makes a world of difference. Strategic Management Journal, 37(11), 2254–2274. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.25742

Further readings

53 more, listed in one source
  1. Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976). A Long-run Theory of the Multinational Enterprise. In The Future of the Multinational Enterprise (pp. 32–65). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02899-3_2
  2. Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976). The Future of the Multinational Enterprise. Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02899-3
  3. Dunning, J. H. (1979). Explaining changing patterns of international production: In defence of the eclectic theory. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41(4), 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1979.mp41004003.x
  4. Anderson, E., & Gatignon, H. (1986). Modes of Foreign Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions. Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490432
  5. Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988). The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490394
  6. Bartlett, C., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Harvard Business School Press.
  7. Hennart, J.-F. (1991). The Transaction Costs Theory of Joint Ventures: An Empirical Study of Japanese Subsidiaries in the United States. Management Science, 37(4), 483–497. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.37.4.483
  8. Hennart, J.-F., & Park, Y.-R. (1993). Greenfield vs. Acquisition: The Strategy of Japanese Investors in the United States. Management Science, 39(9), 1054–1070. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.39.9.1054
  9. Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1993). Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), 625–645. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490248
  10. Dunning, J. (1993). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Addison-Wesley.
  11. Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.2307/256683
  12. Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Kim, H. (1997). International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 767–798. https://doi.org/10.2307/256948
  13. Inkpen, A. C., & Beamish, P. W. (1997). Knowledge, Bargaining Power, and the Instability of International Joint Ventures. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 177. https://doi.org/10.2307/259228
  14. Birkinshaw, J., & Hood, N. (1998). Multinational Subsidiary Evolution: Capability and Charter Change in Foreign-Owned Subsidiary Companies. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 773. https://doi.org/10.2307/259062
  15. Kostova, T., & Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational Legitimacy under Conditions of Complexity: The Case of the Multinational Enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.2307/259037
  16. Brouthers, K. D., & Brouthers, L. E. (2000). Acquisition or greenfield start-up? Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences. Strategic Management Journal, 21(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200001)21:1<89::aid-smj85>3.0.co;2-8
  17. Hansen, W. L., & Mitchell, N. J. (2000). Disaggregating and Explaining Corporate Political Activity: Domestic and Foreign Corporations in National Politics. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 891–903. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586214
  18. Harzing, A. (2002). Acquisitions versus greenfield investments: international strategy and management of entry modes. Strategic Management Journal, 23(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.218
  19. Xu, D., & Shenkar, O. (2002). Institutional Distance and the Multinational Enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 608. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134406
  20. Buckley, P. J. (2002). Is the International Business Research Agenda Running Out of Steam? Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491021
  21. Johnson, J. P., Korsgaard, M. A., & Sapienza, H. J. (2002). Perceived fairness, decision control, and commitment in international joint venture management teams. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1141–1160. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.277
  22. Peng, M. W. (2004). Identifying the big question in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400077
  23. Salomon, R. M., & Shaver, J. M. (2005). Learning by Exporting: New Insights from Examining Firm Innovation. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 14(2), 431–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2005.00047.x
  24. Kobrin, S. J. (2005). Multinational enterprise, public authority, and public responsibility: the case of Talisman Energy and human rights in Sudan. In Grosse & R. (Ed.), International Business-Government Relations in the 21st Century (pp. 191–216). New York; 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511488597.009
  25. Zhao, M. (2006). Conducting R&D in Countries with Weak Intellectual Property Rights Protection. Management Science, 52(8), 1185–1199. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0516
  26. Woodhouse, E. J. (2006). The Obsolescing Bargain Redux? Foreign Investment in the Electric Power Sector in Developing Countries. International Law and Politics.
  27. Luo, Y., & Tung, R. L. (2007). International expansion of emerging market enterprises: A springboard perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4), 481–498. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400275
  28. Witt, M. A., & Lewin, A. Y. (2007). Outward foreign direct investment as escape response to home country institutional constraints. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400285
  29. Kostova, T., Roth, K., & Dacin, M. T. (2008). Institutional Theory in the Study of Multinational Corporations: A Critique and New Directions. Academy of Management Review, 33(4), 994–1006. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.34422026
  30. Nunn, N., & Trefler, D. (2008). The Boundaries of the Multinational Firm: An Empirical Analysis. In E. Helpman, D. Marin, & T. Verdier (Eds.), The Organization of Firms in a Global Economy (pp. 55–83). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674038547-002
  31. Lu, J. W., & Ma, X. (2008). The Contingent Value of Local Partners' Business Group Affiliations. Academy of Management Journal, 51(2), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.31767261
  32. Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. (2009). The internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise: A review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1563–1580. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.49
  33. Gu, Q., & Lu, J. W. (2011). Effects of inward investment on outward investment: The venture capital industry worldwide 1985–2007. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(2), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.51
  34. Rugman, A. M., Verbeke, A., & Nguyen, Q. T. K. (2011). Fifty Years of International Business Theory and Beyond. Management International Review, 51(6), 755–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-011-0102-3
  35. Shaver, J. M. (2011). The benefits of geographic sales diversification: How exporting facilitates capital investment. Strategic Management Journal, 32(10), 1046–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.924
  36. Contractor, F. J. (2012). Why Do Multinational Firms Exist? A Theory Note About The Effect of Multinational Expansion on Performance and Recent Methodological Critiques. Global Strategy Journal, 2(4), 318–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-5805.2012.01045.x
  37. Ma, X., Delios, A., & Lau, C.-M. (2013). Beijing or Shanghai? The strategic location choice of large MNEs’ host-country headquarters in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9), 953–961. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.49
  38. Foley, C. F., & Kerr, W. R. (2013). Ethnic Innovation and U.S. Multinational Firm Activity. Management Science, 59(7), 1529–1544. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1684
  39. Ma, X., Tong, T. W., & Fitza, M. (2013). How much does subnational region matter to foreign subsidiary performance? Evidence from Fortune Global 500 Corporations’ investment in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(1), 66–87. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2012.32
  40. Hernandez, E. (2014). Finding a Home away from Home: Effects of Immigrants on Firms’ Foreign Location Choice and Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(1), 73–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839214523428
  41. Xia, J., Ma, X., Lu, J. W., & Yiu, D. W. (2014). Outward foreign direct investment by emerging market firms: A resource dependence logic. Strategic Management Journal, 35(9), 1343–1363. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2157
  42. Perkins, S. E. (2014). When Does Prior Experience Pay? Institutional Experience and the Multinational Corporation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(1), 145–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839214523603
  43. Berry, H., & Kaul, A. (2015). Global Sourcing and Foreign Knowledge Seeking. Management Science, 61(5), 1052–1071. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2036
  44. Bertrand, O., & Capron, L. (2015). Productivity enhancement at home via cross‐border acquisitions: The roles of learning and contemporaneous domestic investments. Strategic Management Journal, 36(5), 640–658. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2256
  45. Buckley, P. J., Doh, J. P., & Benischke, M. H. (2017). Towards a renaissance in international business research? Big questions, grand challenges, and the future of IB scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1045–1064. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0102-z
  46. Jensen, J. B., Quinn, D. P., & Weymouth, S. (2017). Winners and Losers in International Trade: The Effects on US Presidential Voting. International Organization, 71(3), 423–457. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818317000194
  47. Gaur, A. S., Ma, X., & Ding, Z. (2018). Home country supportiveness/unfavorableness and outward foreign direct investment from China. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(3), 324–345. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0136-2
  48. Mata, J., & Alves, C. (2018). The survival of firms founded by immigrants: Institutional distance between home and host country, and experience in the host country. Strategic Management Journal, 39(11), 2965–2991. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2945
  49. Luo, Y., Zhang, H., & Bu, J. (2019). Developed country MNEs investing in developing economies: Progress and prospect. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(4), 633–667. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00230-y
  50. Zhu, H., Ma, X., Sauerwald, S., & Peng, M. W. (2019). Home Country Institutions Behind Cross-Border Acquisition Performance. Journal of Management, 45(4), 1315–1342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317699520
  51. Li, Y., Hernandez, E., & Gwon, S. (2019). When Do Ethnic Communities Affect Foreign Location Choice? Dual Entry Strategies of Korean Banks in China. Academy of Management Journal, 62(1), 172–195. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.0275
  52. Hernandez, E., & Kulchina, E. (2020). Immigrants and Foreign Firm Performance. Organization Science, 31(4), 797–820. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1331
  53. Ioulianou, S. P., Leiblein, M. J., & Trigeorgis, L. (2021). Multinationality, portfolio diversification, and asymmetric MNE performance: The moderating role of real options awareness. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(3), 388–408. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00357-3